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In 2013 OEMs started the transition to lower GWP refrigerants that was forced or accelerated by the European and U.S. EPA regulations. Meanwhile, MAC systems tightness has improved mainly in Europe, US and Japan, adopting new hose materials and technologies and more effective coupling designs as well as the energy efficiency has increased thanks to the development of heat exchangers, compressors, and control strategies. In US the peak age for vehicle service increased in recent years. There is the opportunity to further deploying these technologies beyond the above-mentioned countries. This evolution has been, once again, driven mainly by regulations (US light-duty vehicle regulations, European MAC Directive, Japanese regulatory prohibitions) and supported by non- regulatory initiatives (e.g. the “Improved Mobile Air Conditioning “ (I-MAC), SAE Cooperative Research Program (CRP)) as well as four SAE 1234yf CRPs and the SAE Interior Climate Control Committee). The refrigerant replacement opened the door for counterfeiting that started to become an issue after the 1987 Montreal Protocol and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. This was due to the higher cost associated with new and more environmentally friendly refrigerants than the ones they are replacing (Velders, 2009). Hence, counterfeited HFC-134a is infiltrating the refrigerant bank, particularly in Asia, but also affecting other countries. Currently, even though the cost of HFC-134a is low, i.e. 5 US$/lb or 11 US$/kg (or even less), counterfeit HFC-134a is still appearing in the automotive market. Counterfeit HFC-134a is containing multiple chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, among which there are toxic or corrosive components, and is a serious threat because it destroys equipment and injures end-users. It also has an increasing opportunity to enter the supply chain. The issue is even more relevant in countries where the refrigerant supply is less regulated (Coll, 2012). This issue is expected to become even more relevant as HFC-134a is partially being replaced by the more expensive HFO-1234yf. In 2013 the commercial price of HFO-1234yf (Weissler, 2013) was estimated at US$ 40-45/lb or US$ 88-99/kg (retail prices are usually 2 to 3 times higher). Cost and availability are crucial issues that have to be considered in identifying replacement(s) for HFC-134a, currently widely adopted in car air conditioning systems. 10.2.1 Regional regulations and influencing factors The regulations for reducing the global warming (often climate change) are becoming more stringent in every domain, globally. In the automotive field, this trend is strongly influencing the vehicle design by promoting the electrification of the drivetrain as well as the on board thermal system and the heating and air conditioning system. Europe In the European Union the F-Gas regulation (EU 517/2014) is in force, establishing rules on the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases and quantitative limits for the placing on the market of hydrofluorocarbons, and the MAC directive (EU 2006/40/EC), prohibiting the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases with a global warming potential higher than 150. In addition, the European Commission will include the Air Conditioning system efficiency improvement (EUCOM, 2017) in the list of technologies/functions eligible for the Eco- Innovation scheme in the next CO2 reduction regulation framework for light duty vehicles, in this way opening the door for a further technology evolution. 190 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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