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The US EPA has studied the potential use of HFO-1234yf as a MAC refrigerant under the US Clean Air Act’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program and has SNAP-listed HFO-1234yf as an acceptable refrigerant under certain use conditions (USEPA, 2011a). The HFO-1234yf MAC systems must meet the requirements of the 2011 SAE J639 standard version and manufacturers have to conduct and keep records of a risk assessment and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis according to the SAE J1739 standard for at least three years from the date of creation. Further requirements outside the US are based on ISO 13043:2011. HFO-1234yf systems either need an IHX or a condenser with a 10% larger degree of sub-cooling (Zilio, 2009) in order to achieve the same performance as HFC-134a and a slightly larger charge of HFO-1234yf (up to 10%). The effects of the HFO-1234yf decomposition are covered in Chapter 11.5. In October 2017, the European Commission closed its antitrust investigation concerning the cooperation between two companies, owing to the HFO-1234yf patents. On 21 October 2014, the Commission adopted a Statement of Objections against those Companies voicing its preliminary concerns that they may have limited the product's availability and technical development. The closure decision has been taken after careful assessment of all the evidence in this case, together with the various submissions of the parties and other interested third parties. Furthermore, the complaints were withdrawn. The Commission will continue to monitor closely the whole chemicals market, including the HFO-1234yf refrigerant. 10.4.3 Carbon dioxide (R-744) systems With appropriate system design and control, R-744 systems have been shown to be comparable to HFC-134a systems with respect to cooling performance and total equivalent CO2 emissions from MAC systems, and they qualify for use in the EU under the current regulation (see e.g., Strupp, 2011). As of the year 2017, two German OEMs have started to equip some of their premium models with R-744 MAC systems (Daimler Press Release, 2015; Jung, 2017). The US EPA has studied the potential use of R-744 as a refrigerant and has SNAP-listed R-744 as an acceptable refrigerant under certain use conditions (USEPA, 2012a). R-744 heat pumps are especially interesting as cooling and heating systems for application in particularly hybrid and battery driven electric vehicles. In comparison to electric resistance heaters (PTC heaters), R-744 heat pumps operate at a substantial higher level of efficiency (Steiner, 2014, Koehler, 2018, Westerloh, 2019). 10.4.4 Other refrigerants HFC-152a HFC-152a was suggested as an alternative to HFC-134a in MACs, however, because of its flammability, it requires additional safety systems. Most development activity has been focused on the use of this refrigerant in a secondary loop system or possibly in a double secondary loop system (i.e., both an evaporator and a condenser loop, usually defined as a dual loop system). To date, nothing is known about the adoption of HFC-152a for use in MAC systems (Lemke, 2014; Malvicino, 2012; Leighton, 2014). At present, one car manufacturer has expressed interest in the adoption of HFC-152a as refrigerant with a secondary (evaporator) loop system for the Indian market (Andersen, 2013, 2018). The US EPA studied the potential use of HFC-152a as a refrigerant under the US Clean Air Act’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program and has SNAP-listed HFC-152a as an acceptable refrigerant under certain use conditions (USEPA, 2008). 194 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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