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A study by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that most of the refrigerant recovered during servicing is either used for the same equipment or replaced with approximately equal amounts .The study assumed that refrigerant is normally recovered when servicing large equipment, and that refrigerant is rarely recovered when servicing small equipment. The net amount of refrigerant available for reclamation is hence mostly derived from decommissioned equipment (EPA, 2009). EPA data show that the amount of reclaimed HCFC-22 in 2016 was half or less of what was projected in the scenarios presented in the 2009 report as needed to cover the local servicing needs from non-virgin sources (EPA, 2017). The availability of refrigerant for reclamation is a problem in other non-Article-5 countries. A study by the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) found that in 2014, Japan destroyed more refrigerant than what was recovered in that year by eliminating some of the existing stock. Refrigerant Reclaim Australia (RRA, 2017) reported that the total collections in 2016/2017 were 496 tonnes comprised of 324 tonnes collected and destroyed and 172 tonnes reclaimed to new specifications; it also reported that refrigerant is only available for recovery during service and decommissioning (RRA, 2017). The report equates the recovery effectiveness between 49% and 70% of the refrigerant available for recovery which is equal to an amount between 1,690 and 2,550 tonnes. The availability of recovered refrigerants in Article-5 countries is a problem as well, however, not because certain quantities are destroyed. A mix of economic factors, due to the low price of virgin HCFC and the high cost of reclamation, combined with a lack of mandatory regulation and the difficulty of getting proper purity levels as mandated by standard AHRI 700, makes the process difficult to implement and rarely followed unless forced by noticeable penalties. In order for the process of refrigerant conservation, i.e. recovery, recycling and reclamation to be successful, certain criteria have to be taken into consideration and put in place. Successful recovery schemes in non-Article 5 countries are the result of a collaboration between the government and the local industry. Countries need a strong regulatory framework that is supported by industry associations and by trade groups, coupled with innovative collection and recycling techniques, and a strong culture of environmental protection (AHRI, 2016); Reclamation is essentially a market-driven industry. If there is no demand for a particular refrigerant, the costs to send recovered refrigerant to reclamation facilities will be a disincentive to reclaim; Efforts must be initiated early with refrigerant supply companies prepared to take back refrigerant for recycling / reclamation. Many service establishments will not be able to afford storage for recovered refrigerants, however, the proportional cost of sending small quantities of recovered refrigerant to reclamation facilities is also a disincentive to reclamation efforts. Such disincentives promote venting or reuse of previously recovered, and possibly contaminated, refrigerant, which could lead to premature failure of equipment; Refrigerant recovery and recycling equipment should be made available to service technicians in every sector; The logistic process should be easy to understand and cover all players from the sales points to the customer, and back to the point of return; The whole process should be performed by certified technicians (see section 11.7.2 under sustainable servicing); 218 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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