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- Integration of the cooling system to manage the latent heat (relative humidity), leveraging perceived comfort rather than temperature; - Integration of heat exchangers into the building envelope to recapture energy (heat or cold) before it leaves the building. About 50% of the heat load in residential buildings and 60% in commercial buildings results from heat flows through walls, foundations, and the roof (DOE, 2015); - Integrating heat reclaim and recovery into cooling systems can cover the heat load of the building or can be fed into district heating systems. In almost all cases, the design and use of refrigerant systems involve a comparison against alternatives. It is in this optimisation process that indirect impacts should be given particular attention to, in order to understand the best design for sustainability. This is especially important in markets where energy consumption regulations are not used to set minimum standards on adverse effects on the sustainability of the environment. Example areas that would benefit from the use of LCCP and TEWI analysis and measurements to gage alternatives to improved selections include, among others: - Locations with high variations on ambient conditions for heat rejection; - Applications with high variations of cooling demand or temperatures; - High ambient environments in general; - Mobile air conditioning and transport refrigeration systems. There is also an effect of leaking refrigerant over time on the indirect climate impact, as energy efficiency is significantly degraded by the use of undercharged systems (Beshr 2014). Whatever the assessment tool is that is being used, the appropriate energy mix must be considered, referring either to global, regional or local grids. The general practice is to use the local mix of energy sources, because this is often at hand or at least easy to get. However, the mix may change in countries where the use of renewable energy is growing. Figure 11-1 shows the share of renewable energy (including hydro) in electricity production in various continents for the years 2005, 2010 and 2015. On the one hand, it can be observed that the share of renewable energy increased only significantly in Asia, the EU, Pacific, on the other, it only slightly changed in other regions (Africa, North America). In contrast, a reduced share of renewable energy can even be recorded for certain regions (CIS, Latin America, Middle East). Figure 11-1: Share of renewable energy (including hydro) in electricity production 2005-15 220 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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