PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 239
objective is the supply of good quality perishable food by slowing down bacteria growth. Poor practices in the cold chain do not prevent that bacteria growth and reduce food availability, causing the overuse of natural resources, boosting GHG emissions, as well as producing severe health problems (Kefalidou, 2016). A sustainable cold chain can be defined as the set of processes in refrigerated environments which present the lowest use of natural resources and lowest emissions of GHGs and other pollutants, delivering good quality, healthy food to the consumer, with minimum waste across the value chain. To reduce food losses, the cold chain refrigeration is considered as a key technology. On the other hand, expansion of current cold chain technology worldwide will result in an increase of energy demand for the operation and in refrigerant losses from refrigeration systems. The cold chain includes following sectors where refrigeration is applied: - Agriculture, - Harvesting, - Fishing: land based refrigeration and on board of vessels, - Intermodal transport: transport refrigeration by truck, trailer, rail, vessel, - Processing: industrial refrigeration, - Storage: warehouse, cold storage, industrial refrigeration, - Retail: commercial and supermarket refrigeration, - Food service: restaurants, local consumer services. A study carried out for the UK government (Garnett, 2011) indicates that the reduction potential of emissions from refrigeration (indirect and direct) in the cold chain is 20-50% due to improving its energy efficiency. Factors are proper design and specification, use and maintenance of equipment, especially: (1) reduction of the load in transport refrigeration, (2) reduction of heat gains, (3) ensuring the rapid transfer of temperature-controlled food, (4) proper insulation, (5) reduction / control of fan power, (6) optimization of temperature difference in processes and equipment designs, (8) adjustments and optimization of control algorithms. ASHRAE has developed, while partnering with US DOE and other institutions, an energy design guide for grocery stores, bringing design concepts and practices able to deliver 50 % energy savings, toward net zero energy buildings (ASHRAE, 2015). The report includes two case studies from major supermarkets. In Northern Ireland (UK), Carbon Trust and the local retail trade association NIIRTA have published a guide to implementing energy savings for retailers, considering four situations: day-to-day, refrigeration servicing, retrofitting and full replacement of refrigeration equipment (Carbon Trust, 2012). The political measures to realise these huge savings potential are (Garnett, 2011): - Implementation of “Energy Using Products Directives” - Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme - Domestic energy labelling schemes - Energy efficiency classification system for components and products. 11.7.4 Sustainable building concepts The technological development in building materials, energy sources, controls and communication has taken the sustainability concept to new levels, beyond the limits of the equipment. Equipment and systems now are smarter and can interact with surrounding environment and the application demands. Fluctuation of temperatures between day and night, summer and winter, and the cooling or heating demands can be utilised with the use of mixed technologies and solution which offers an opportunity to achieve higher environmental benefits. 226 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
PDF Search Title:
Heat Pumps Technical OptionsOriginal File Name Searched:
RTOC-assessment-report-2018_0.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |