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This approach is trending now in buildings, or in sustainable building concepts. Sustainable building design can lead to great reductions in annualised energy use, and in some cases, eliminates the annualised cost of energy (Net Zero Buildings). The sustainable building concept is looking at the building with its location, design, materials, systems, equipment, occupants and controls as an integrated system designed for better environmental benefits. Measures considered to evaluate the sustainability of a building are as follows: - Lower CO2 emissions; - Lower water consumption; - Lower waste, more recycling and reusing; - Higher environmental quality (indoor air quality, natural lighting, background noise, etc.). Demand based, or application based concepts in building design and development require a proper framework of building energy models, regulations and codes to implement. A number of national, regional and international codes have been developed and are used globally for new buildings and for retrofitting existing buildings as well; yet, more work needs to get going to support the growing interest in this concept globally. 11.7.5 Sustainable energy storage, thermal energy storage Increasing use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation will require energy storage. Thermal energy storage is one of the most energy and cost efficient ways of storing energy. Storing thermal energy on the cold side of a refrigeration or air conditioning system can decrease operating costs by operating when electricity is cheaper, i.e., at times of overcapacity. If the operation of the refrigeration system can be moved to night hours and if the condensing temperature is reduced according to the lower night outdoor temperature, thermal energy storage in a refrigeration system can also be energy efficient (Kauffeld, 2012). A shift of operating hours towards low outdoor temperature periods can also address the challenge of hot climates. Typically, outdoor (night) temperatures are 5 degrees lower at locations with an ocean climate, whereas temperature differences between night and day can be up to 15 degrees for continental climates. Thermal energy storage can also be used for peak load shaving, i.e., evening out the cooling load which results in smaller size equipment (e.g., compressor size). 11.8 Concluding remarks and opportunities for improvements With the Kigali Agreement, the Montreal Protocol has taken another major step in supporting the sustainability principles by targeting HFC refrigerants for phase-down that have a high global warming potential. Throughout their work on the Montreal Protocol, the parties have always focused on aspects of sustainability by advancing technologies with low GWP and high energy efficiency. Further, the Multilateral Fund has supported projects for recovery, recycling, and reclamation, however, with mixed results. This chapter has gone beyond the traditional look at sustainability related to refrigerants as followed in earlier RTOC assessment reports, to a more holistic look at the lifecycle of an air conditioning or refrigeration system. Consideration has been given to the available assessment tools and the aspects of efficient equipment and efficient building design. Other opportunities have been identified to achieve sustainability improvements during the entire lifecycle of a refrigeration system through the reduction of use of raw materials and the establishment of codes of ethical conduct for suppliers along the value chain. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 227PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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