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12. Not in Kind Technologies 12.1 Introduction Mechanical vapour compression (MVC) has been the dominant refrigeration and air conditioning system since the mid-20th century. Vapour compression systems use natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrocarbon as well as synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs. With the discovery of the detrimental environmental effects of CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants to the protective ozone layer, efforts were made to develop refrigerants that do not deplete the ozone layer. Those efforts resulted in wider use of HFC refrigerants, which were partly responsible for raising ambient temperatures and aggravating climate change, because of their high of Global Warming Potential (GWP). In 2016, parties consented to reaching a binding agreement on phasing down HFCs; the 28th meeting of the Parties (MOP) held in Kigali adopted the Kigali Amendment on HFCs (see further Chapter 1). The phase-down of HFCs presents challenges to vapour compression technology. Some lower GWP refrigerants suffer from some thermodynamic and safety attributes chief among those possible lower efficiency, possible lower volumetric capacity compared to HCFC-22, the dominant HCFC refrigerant. Natural refrigerants, which may have taken precedence because of their benign environmental characteristics, also suffer from toxicity; R-717 (ammonia) is an example. Low operating pressure at both ends of the vapour compression cycle, R-718 (water) is an example, high operating pressures and low critical point requiring extensive design modifications as with R-744 (carbon dioxide), or high flammability in the case of R-290 and hydrocarbons, generally. Testing programs for new low-GWP refrigerants have been designed, such as AHRI AREP, US DoE at ORNL, UNIDO/UN Environmental PRAHA and EGYPRA programs, to test new refrigerants and find out about their behaviour especially under High Ambient Temperatures (HAT) conditions. Some of those new low GWP refrigerants are now commercially available, constraints are emerging that show that there must be trade-off for those refrigerants to compensate for their higher cost, sometime a loss of efficiency and safety in particular flammability. The US Department of Energy published a study (Goetzler, 2014) that looked into alternative Not-In- Kind (NIK) technologies to vapour compression for space heating and space cooling. This chapter will look into technologies that do not employ vapour compression technology and will explore those Not in Kind Technologies (NIK) that offer at least 15% energy savings compared to vapour compression as well as compare their attributes and properties in a tabulated form. The limitations of the comparison is explained in more details in section 12.2 Those comparisons will include: - Heating and cooling capabilities. - Development status. - Expected efficiency. Definitions of In-Kind and Not-In-Kind technologies used in this text In-Kind technologies in this text are those using primarily mechanical vapour compression to produce air conditioning or refrigeration. Not-In-Kind technologies used in this text are those not using primarily mechanical vapour compression to produce air conditioning or refrigeration. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 235PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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