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12.3.3.2 Adsorption heat pump: Development status: commercially available Adsorption technology (Vodianitskaia et al., 2017) uses a hygroscopic salt with high affinity to water as an adsorption media and water as the refrigerant. Adsorption units can operate in cooling or heating mode and have heat ratio efficiencies for cooling of 0.5 to 0.7 and for heating 1.15 to 1.4. Those values are lower than comparable MVCs although their ability to utilise low temperature hot water is unique and makes them important in waste heat or solar thermal applications. Although this technology is not very recent, it is nevertheless moving steadily to new areas of use, especially in the heat recovery applications. Current range is 35 to 1,170 kW (10 to 330 TR), a smaller range than that of absorption units. 12.3.3.3 Duplex-Stirling heat pump: Development status: R&D: commercially available for cryocooling and some commercial refrigeration applications The low COP of the technology is the reason why there are no Duplex Stirling space air conditioning units at the present time (ACL, 1986). Process cooling type Stirling coolers operating with an electric motor are available in cryocooling, ultra-low temperature freezers and a 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 243PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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