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13 High Ambient 13.1 Recognition and perception of the issue Until recently, there has been almost no recognition of the issue of High Ambient Temperature (HAT), beyond by those that reside in affected regions, where it comes to the implications associated with HAT on RACHP systems and equipment. This is largely due to the majority of the world’s population living within temperate and tropical climate zones, where there are standard conditions for RACHP equipment. As such, few people have an appreciation for the circumstances and implications associated with operating RACHP systems in HAT regions. HAT regions can be observed from the map in Fig. 13-1, which can be viewed with respect to global population density, as shown in Fig. 13-2. Generally, population density is inversely proportional to regions where the highest annual temperature exceeds 50°C. However, there are some regions, which do have a relatively high population density, despite being subject to HAT. These are Eritrea, India (central), Iran (southern), Iraq, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia (parts of) and USA (South Western, e.g., Arizona). There are other countries which also experience HAT, but those HAT regions are extremely sparsely populated. Incidentally, for reference, the hottest place on Earth is the Lot desert in Iran, where temperatures exceed 70°C. Considering these populated HAT regions, their demand for RACHP products is 4-6% (derived from JRAIA, 2018) of global demand. Accordingly, global manufacturers of systems and components have hitherto tended to pay less attention to the special conditions and considerations that apply. Whilst the general perception of those not residing in HAT regions is that addressing HAT issues is simply resolved by installing larger ACs or condensing units, the actual situation is much more complicated. For instance, systems need to be designed to handle the substantially broader range of temperatures and the various deleterious effects they can have on system operation, special considerations apply to installation such as avoidance of heat islands and in addition it normally involves substantial additional cost, partly because of larger equipment but also because of non- standard construction.19 However units designed for HAT conditions have higher cooling capacity and higher condensing pressure leading to potentially higher leakage rate. Accordingly, more comprehensive considerations may be given to HAT regions by policy makers and manufacturers. Figure 13-1: World map showing maximum temperature of the warmest month (http://metrocosm.com/peak- temperature-map/) Figure 13-2: World map showing human population density (http://www.fao.org/nr/nr-home/en/) 19 Sections elsewhere in this chaptere provide more detailed explanation of these issues. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 255PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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