PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 271
Furthermore, for high ambient temperature countries, as for others, the linkage between the HFC and HCFC reduction schedules relevant to sectors and the preference to avoid transitions from HCFCs to high-GWP HFCs would have to be considered. One should therefore provide flexibility if no other technically proven and economically viable alternatives would be available. This would relate to certain sectors, in particular the industrial (process) refrigeration sector, in cases where no other alternatives are available, and where HCFC supply may be unavailable from existing allowable consumption, stocks as well as recovered/recycled material. 13.4 Challenges HAT countries are facing many challenges that are related to finding the right alternatives for the HCFCs given the thermodynamic performance of refrigerants at higher ambient temperatures and the need for larger equipment with larger refrigerant charge. The general impression is that products operating at HAT conditions are not different from those designed for lower temperature regions. The fact is that a HAT product should be specifically designed for HAT conditions using a specific refrigerant suitable for that application. The product should also have all the safety measures for the appropriate operation. Since the number of units installed in HAT countries is lower than those installed in more temperate climates, manufacturers tend to concentrate their efforts on developing products for the temperate climates and use the same products in the HAT regions. Consequently, there is less differentiation in the products than the minimum needed for hot climates. The need for specific designs for HAT creates an additional economic burden for the introduction of new products more frequently. It also results in a reduced choice of products for each application. 13.4.1 Regulation: MEPS Cooling and air conditioning is a necessity in most of the HAT counties and can consume up to 70% of the energy used in buildings. Regulations are developed to assure better utilization of energy and protection of consumer by supporting efficient products. Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) are varying from one country to another. Some countries, like Saudi Arabia, is following one of the most stringent MEPS standards in the residential applications. Energy efficiency of equipment is expected to improve as the technology develops; therefore, MEPS standards are revised every three years to set the requirements based on technological capabilities, which will contribute to the energy conservation policies for the country. Testing and rating requirements for the MEPS standards are mainly based on the international standards like ISO and AHRI; and a reference MEPS standard followed by the industry is the ASHRAE 90.1 building efficiency standard. 13.4.2 Power availability and sources Due to the high demand for cooling, HAT countries are always facing challenges in generating the required power to cater for the development plans. Cost of power is relatively high if the power source is from fossil fuel. The feasibility of producing energy from renewable sources has been higher but improved lately which can provide an opportunity in this area, however, HAT regions’ demand for power is very high and continues to be a challenge. 13.4.3 Water availability and sources HAT countries are also facing challenges in availability of natural water, for example, most of the drinking water in countries of the Arabian Peninsula is desalinated sea water and too expensive to be used in cooling. This is causing a challenge to use water cooled equipment. 258 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment ReportPDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
PDF Search Title:
Heat Pumps Technical OptionsOriginal File Name Searched:
RTOC-assessment-report-2018_0.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)