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For the construction of the BAU scenarios in the Ex.III/1 report, the main HFCs have been included, not considering alternative, low GWP pure compounds or low GWP mixtures. It should be emphasised that this neglects the possible climate impact of the replacement by low GWP mixtures in mitigation scenarios. Where it concerns the results presented in the Ex.III/1 report, it should therefore be noted that a major use of mixtures with a certain GWP (due to the use of a certain percentage of high GWP HFCs) in the RAC sector may lead to difficulties in achieving a 75% HFC consumption reduction, or more, in future, assuming that these mixtures will remain in use. 14.5 References EPEE, 2016. European Partnership for Energy and the Environment, Brussels, Belgium. https://www.epeeglobal.org/refrigerants/the-gapometer-faq/, see also: Voigt, A. 2018. Presentation “The EPEE Gapometer, achieving the HFC phase-down in Europe”, Brussels, March 2018 Kaixian, W. 2015. Presentation at OORG meeting World Bank, HCFCs and HFCs Production in China, May 2015 Kuijpers, L. 2016. Private communications from chemical manufacturers, May-August 2016 Kuijpers, L.J.M., N. Kochova, A.L. Vonsild, 2018. Low GWP conversion: an energy efficiency issue? GL-13 IIR Natural Refrigerants Conference, Valencia, June 2018, doi: 10.18462/iir.gl.2018.1369 McLinden, M.O., J.S. Brown, R. Brignoli, A.F. Kazakov, P.A. Domanski, 2017. Limited options for low-global-warming-potential refrigerants, Nature Communications, February 2017, doi:10.038/ncomms14.476 . and I. . 2017. RTOC, 2010. UNEP, Refrigeration, AC and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee, 2010 Assessment Report, ISBN 978-9966-20-002-0 (Annex to the Report by D. Clodic et al.) TEAP, 2012. Report of the XXIII/9 TEAP Task Force, June 2012, UNEP Nairobi TEAP, 2014. Report of the XXV/5 TEAP Task Force, Additional information to alternatives to ODS, May (September) 2014, UNEP Nairobi TEAP, 2015. Report of the XXVI/9 TEAP Task Force, June 2015, UNEP Nairobi TEAP, 2015a. Update Report of the XXVI/9 TEAP Task Force, September 2015, UNEP Nairobi, ISBN 978-9966-076-14-4 TEAP, 2016. XXVII/4 TEAP Task Force, June 2016 Report, UNEP Nairobi (first version published March 2016, last/update version September 2016), ISBN 978-9960-076-17-5 TEAP, 2016a. September 2016 Report, Volume 2, Decision Ex.III/1 Working Group Report: On the climate benefits and costs of reducing hydrofluorocarbons under the Dubai Pathway, UNEP, Nairobi, ISBN: 978-9966-076-18-2 TEAP, 2018. May 2018 Report, Volume 5, Decision XXIX/10 Task Force Report on issues related to energy efficiency while phasing down hydrofluorocarbons, UNEP, Nairobi, ISBN: 978- 9966-076-42-7 Purohit, P Höglund Isaksson 2005-2050 with abatement potentials and costs. Global emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17: 2795- 2816. doi:10.5194/acp-17-2795-2017. 2018 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report 283PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technical Options
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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