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Heat Pumps Technology Guide SEAI The amount of heat is typically constrained by: • The peak heat amount that can be extracted; and • The total amount of heat that can be extracted in a year. Rivers In a river system, the heat source is constantly replenished by the flow of the river. Therefore, the peak amount of heat that can be extracted under low river flow conditions will usually determine if a particular river can be used as a heat source. To calculate the peak amount of heat that can be extracted, it is necessary to know: • The capacity of the heat pump system; • Any environmental constraints, such as limits on the return temperature (cooling or heating the river); and • The flow rate of the river at different times of the year. The river flow rate must be strong enough for the heat pump to work at all times of the year. The system is designed so that enough water from the river is pumped across the heat exchanger to prevent freezing. Several types of heat exchanger can be used. However, in general terms: • Water is extracted from the river and pumped through a heat exchanger; or • An array of pipework is laid in the river flow itself. If the flow of water is insufficient or the heat exchanger is too small, then there is a risk of ice forming on the external heat pump unit. This can lead to system failure and heat transfer fluid leaks. Lakes and ponds In lakes and ponds, there is often no flow of water to replenish the heat extracted. Therefore, the main factor in determining whether the body of water is technically suitable is the total amount of heat that can be supplied by the heat pump in a year without lowering the source temperature to an unacceptable level. The sea For systems extracting heat from the sea, there is usually no limit on the total amount of heat that can be extracted. However, there are often major practical challenges. You should consult an experienced engineer if considering using this source. Groundwater When there is an aquifer beneath a site, boreholes can be drilled into the aquifer and water pumped out of it to extract heat. This is an open loop system. The water is usually then returned to the ground through a second borehole. Reinjecting the water into the same aquifer conserves the water resources. The capacity of a groundwater system depends on the water level recovery rate, the temperature of the groundwater and the nature of the groundwater flow. The amount of energy needed to pump the water can be significant and depends on factors such as the depth of the borehole and the permeability of the aquifer. The mapping tool on the Geological Survey of Ireland website shows the location of productive aquifers. 16PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technology Guide
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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