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Heat Pumps Technology Guide SEAI A.2.1. Vapour compression cycle The vast majority of heat pumps used for heating use the vapour compression refrigeration cycle. This technology has been used commercially in refrigerators and air-conditioning units since the 1850s. It comprises four stages: 1. Low pressure, low-temperature refrigerant fluid is passed through a heat exchanger where it is heated by around 5 °C and evaporates from a liquid into a gas. This part of the heat pump is called an evaporator. The source from which heat is drawn could be the air, the ground or a water body. 2. The gas is then compressed in a compressor to a high pressure at which point it reaches a much higher temperature (see Figure 24). 3. The hot gas is passed through a heat exchanger which it heats it up for the heat distribution system. In doing so, the gas cools slightly (by around 5 °C). The reduction in temperature causes the gas to condense and liquid refrigerant moves to the expansion valve. This part of the heat pump is known as the condenser. 4. The warm liquid refrigerant is then expanded to a lower pressure. This pressure drop causes the temperature to reduce and the cycle starts again. Figure 23: Heat pump refrigerant cycle The closer the evaporator and condenser temperatures, the closer the gas pressures at these points, and the less work the compressor has to do to increase the gas pressure between them. The less work the compressor does, the less electricity it will consume. Therefore, the efficiency of the heat pump is closely linked to the difference in temperature between the heat source and the heat sink (heat distribution system). 38PDF Image | Heat Pumps Technology Guide
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