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Table of Contents Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................vii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................ix Nomenclature............................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Heat pump basics.................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Heat Pump.....................................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Heat pump classification...............................................................................................1 1.1.3 Why heat pump.............................................................................................................2 1.2 Heat pump water heater (HPWH)........................................................................................3 Chapter 2....................................................................................................................................5 CO2 and the transcritical cycle...................................................................................................5 2.1 Refrigerant progression history........................................................................................5 2.1.1 Ozone Layer Depletion.............................................................................................5 2.1.2 Global warming ........................................................................................................5 2.2 CO2 as refrigerant ............................................................................................................6 2.2.1 History of CO2 ..........................................................................................................8 2.3 CO2 Transcritical cycle....................................................................................................9 2.4 CO2 heat pump water heater case studies ......................................................................11 Chapter No 3............................................................................................................................15 3.1 System performance Evaluation ........................................................................................15 3.1.1 Coefficient of Performance (COP) .............................................................................15 3.2 References for Transcritical cycle .................................................................................16 3.2.1 The modified Lorenz cycle ..................................................................................... 16 3.2.2 Ideal Lorentzen cycle..............................................................................................17 3.2.3 Real Lorentzen cycle...............................................................................................17 Chapter No 4............................................................................................................................19 Heat Pump testing at KTH.......................................................................................................19 4.1 CO2 heat pump at KTH (system layout)........................................................................19 4.1.1 System modifications..............................................................................................20 4.2 Working principle..........................................................................................................20 4.2.1 Methodology...........................................................................................................21 4.2.2 Direct and Indirect mass flow measurement...........................................................21 4.3 Results............................................................................................................................23 4.3.1 Overall system performance from meter reading ...................................................23 Case A..........................................................................................................................23 Case B..........................................................................................................................26 Case C Part 1................................................................................................................28 Case C Part 2................................................................................................................30 Case D..........................................................................................................................32 viiPDF Image | heat recovery from R744 based refrigeration system
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