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8000 6000 GWP v/s ODP R12 4000 2000 R407c R134a 0 R744 R22 R717 R404a 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ODP GWP v/s ODP Figure 6 GWP and ODP for various refrigerants Environmental consequences associated with refrigerants forced the researchers to have a consensus on the substances that can be used as refrigerant, the consensus came in the form of Montreal and Kyoto protocols. Montreal protocol restricts the use of ozone depleting substances while the Kyoto protocol has limits for the emission of greenhouse gases. Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) is an important indicator and it utilizes both direct and indirect emissions for its evaluation, direct emissions are related with the direct leakage of the refrigerant to the atmosphere while indirect emissions are associated with the energy required to operate the system for its life span. 2.2 CO2 as refrigerant Restrictions on the refrigerants due to environmental problem associated with them, forced researchers to investigate system performance with natural substances like ammonia, water, CO2, hydrocarbons etc. CO2 is natural substance and is available everywhere and indeed part of our respiration system. Zero ODP and negligible GWP (~1) values describes environmental behavior of CO2. The volumetric refrigeration capacity of CO2 is much higher (5-10 times) as compared with conventional refrigerants, this feature suggests a compact sized compressor and less material consumption for the tubing work when operating with CO2. There are many other appealing properties like miscibility with lubrication oils, operatability within the conventional components, being cheap and readily available. CO2 is heavier than air so in case of leakage will scatter close to the ground. 6 GWPPDF Image | heat recovery from R744 based refrigeration system
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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