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expansion device (not shown in Fig. 1) to force the refrigerant into a complete liquid state. The mean pressure of the FPSE is the same as the CO2 cycle suction pressure. As shown in Fig. 2, the suction pressure of the CO2 cycle varies with evaporator operating condition. Therefore, the FPSE operates not only under different He–CO2 mixtures but also at the different mean pressures. Figure 1: Layout for the free-piston Stirling engine driven heat pump using ground water. 2.1 Operation and Design Condition A direct comparison of efficiency between the FPSHP and existing heat pumps is not such a simple task because system efficiency and capacity varies with the test standard (Payne and Domanski 2001). This study uses the test standard of ISO 13256-1 for performance calculation and the efficiency status provided by the US DOE Energy Star program for performance comparison. The ISO 13256-1 defines three applications: water loop (WLHP), ground water (GWHP), and ground loop (GLHP). This study discusses a ground water heat pump system (GWHP) that is hermetically connected to the FPSE. Table 1 shows the operating conditions and the efficiency status for a ground source heat pump system (GSHP). The Energy Star recommended COP can be converted to PER by multiplying by 0.38 (the assumed electricity generation and transmission efficiency). Therefore, the converted PER for the Energy Star recommendation for the GWHP is 1.79 and 1.37 for cooling and heating respectively. Cooling and heating capacity is around 10 kW for these examples. Table 1: Test condition for GSHP by ISO 13256-1 and efficiency status by the US DOE. Operation Cooling Heating Description Air entering indoor unit – DB/WB Water entering Energy Star recommended EER(COP) * Air entering indoor unit GWHP 27°C/19°C 15°C 16.2 (4.7) 20°C GLHP 27°C/19°C 25°C 14.1 (4.1) 20°C 10°C * US DOE: http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_groundsource_heatpumps.cfm Water entering 0°C Energy Star recommended COP * 3.6 3.3 The operating condition for the FPSHP component design is summarized in Table 2. The FPSHP component design, presented here, takes into consideration a potential requirement for supplemental water heating in case the FPSE’s heat rejecter temperature is not high enough for domestic hot water storage/use. For complete water heating without backup electric heaters and/or a transcritical CO2 cycle, a different design strategy could be applied with consideration of a general CO2 heat pump operating strategy (Bullard and Rajan 2004). Condenser and evaporator designs are assumed to use a microchannel 3PDF Image | HERMETIC GAS FIRED RESIDENTIAL HEAT PUMP
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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