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a. Therearenegligiblysmallsideloadsonthemovingpartsthusremovingtheneedforliquid lubricants. Typically, gas bearings are used which lead to long operating lives. b. There is no requirement for an external dynamic high-pressure seal to the environment since the machine is hermetically sealed. c. Havingonlytwointernalmovingpartsallowsforcompactsimpleconstruction.Thefirstisthe displacer, which is responsible for moving the working gas at constant volume between the compression and expansion spaces. The second is the piston, which compresses the working gas when it is in the cold side (compression space) of the machine and expands it when it is in the hot side (expansion space) of the machine. These components are shown in Fig. 3 (left). d. Relatively simple power modulation by changing the amplitude of the mechanically unconstrained piston. This leads to significant off design-point energy savings. A more complete description of the FPSE workings may be found in the following reference (Redlich and Berchowitz 1985). Typical indicated efficiencies in the 1 kW class of He charged machines lie in the range of 30 to 35% (Lane and Beale 1997). An example of such a machine recently developed by Sunpower Inc. for home micro-cogeneration applications is shown in Fig. 3 (right). In the application treated here there is a mixing of the heat pump and engine working fluids and this tends to slightly depress the maximum available efficiency by about 10% for a 50/50 mixture of CO2 and He. Aside from this, the efficiency is mainly limited by the maximum hot-end temperature and minimum cold-end temperature. For residential applications, the limits of delivered hot water temperature set the bounds of the cold-end to about 60°C while corrosion and creep restrict the hot-end to about 630°C for austenitic stainless steels. Alternative materials for the hot-end may allow higher temperatures and consequently improve efficiencies (Marusak and Ackermann 1985 report using Inconel 713 at 735°C). Figure 3: Preliminary design of FPSE for FPSHP system (left) and prototype FPSE 1kWe generator (right) 3.1.1 Combustor The combustion process is located close to the head of the Stirling to ensure rapid quenching of the flame in order to limit NOx formation. Many small jets in a ceramic flame holder provide for mixing of the fuel and air. The exhaust gas is led to a folded fin counter flow heat exchanger operating as a recuperator for the incoming air. Overall efficiency based on the lower heating value is expected to be 6PDF Image | HERMETIC GAS FIRED RESIDENTIAL HEAT PUMP
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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