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Executive Summary 4-11 Technology 4 Technology The scope of the Task 3 Report was to identify in the industrial sector appropriate heat pumps as a technology of using waste heat effectively and for meeting future industrial and environmental requirements. Commercially available heat pumps can supply heat only up to 100 °C. As industrial waste heat, available at low-temperatures, represents about 25 % of the total energy used by the manufacturing industry, R&D work has to be focused on high-temperature heat pumps able to recover heat at relatively low temperatures, generally between 5°C and 35°C for hot water supply, hot air supply, heating of circulating hot water and steam generation at temperatures up and higher than 100 °C. Some development of the industrial heat pump using R-134a, R-245fa, R-717, R-744, hydro carbons, etc. has been made recently. However, except for R-744 and the flam- mables R-717 and HCs which are natural refrigerants with extremely low global warming potential (GWP), HFCs such as R-134a and R-245fa have high GWP values, and the use of HFCs are likely to be regulated in the viewpoint of global warming prevention in the foreseeable future. Therefore, development of alternative refrigerants with low GWP has been required. At present, as substitutes of R-134a, R-1234yf and R-1234ze (E) are considered to be promising, and R-1234ze (Z) is attractive as a substitute of R-245fa. R-365mfc is consid- ered to be suitable as a refrigerant of heat pump for vapor generation using waste heat, but its GWP value is high. Therefore, it seems that development of a substitute of R- 365mfc should be furthered. The table below shows basic characteristics of the present and future refrigerants for IHPs. Refrigerant R-290 R-601 R-717 R-744 R-1234yf R-134a R-1234ze(E) R-1234ze(Z) R-245fa R-1233zd R-1336mzz R-365mfc Chemical formula GWP Flammability Tc pc NBP °C MPa °C CH3CH2CH3 ~20 yes 96.7 4.25 -42.1 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 ~20 yes 196.6 NH3 0 yes 132.25 3.37 11.33 7.3773 3.382 4.0593 3.636 3.97 3.651 3.5709 n. a. 3.266 36.1 -33.33 -78.40 -29,48 -26.07 -18.96 9.76 15.14 n. a. n. a. 40.19 CO2 1 none CF3CF=CH2 <1 weak CF3CH2F 1,430 none CFH=CHCF3 6 weak CFH=CHCF3 <10 weak CF3CH2CHF2 1,030 none 30.98 94.7 101.06 109.37 153.7 154.01 165.6 171 186,85 CF3CH2CF2CH3 6 none 9 none 794 weakPDF Image | Industrial Heat Pumps
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