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Basics of Industrial Heat Pumps 3-37 Heat pump technology Four different types of compressors are used in closed compression cycle heat pumps: Scroll, reciprocating, screw and turbo compressors. Scroll compressors are used in small and medium heat pumps up to 100 kW heat output, reciprocating compressors in systems up to approximately 500 kW, screw compressors up to around 5 MW and turbo compressors in large systems above about 2 MW, as well as oil-free turbo compressors above 250 kW. 3.2.1.1 Vapour injection In the economizer vapour injection (EVI) cycle, see figure below, a heat exchanger is used to provide additional sub-cooling to the refrigerant before it enters the evaporator. This sub-cooling process provides the increased capacity gain measured in the system. During the sub-cooling process, a certain amount of refrigerant is evaporated. This evaporated refrigerant is injected into the compressor and provides additional cooling at higher compression ratios, similar to liquid injection. Figure 3-2: Vapour injection 3.2.2 Thermal compression cycles 3.2.2.1 Absorption heat pumps Absorption heat pump cycles are based on the fact that the boiling point for a mixture is higher than the corresponding boiling point of a pure, volatile working fluid. Thus the working fluid must be a mixture consisting of a volatile component and a non-volatile one. The most common mixture in industrial applications is a lithium bromide solution in water (LiBr/H2O) and ammonia water (NH3/H2O). The fundamental absorption cycle has two possible configurations: absorption heat pump (AHP, Type I) and heat transformer (AHP, Type II), which are suitable for different purposes. The difference between the cycles is the pressure level in the four main heat exchangers (evaporator, absorber, desorber and condenser), which influence the temperature levels of the heat flows.PDF Image | Industrial Heat Pumps
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