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What is Possible Current Technology & Market The term heat pump is a generic term used to describe a vapor compression cycle that moves heat from one location to another. However, the term is commonly used only for systems in which refrigerant flow can be reversed so that it can move heat in either direction. Air conditioners or refrigerators are heat pumps that are only used for cooling and they lack the reversing valve necessary for bi-directional heat movement. For simplicity, this paper will refer to all types of vapor compression equipment used for heating air and/or water as heat pumps. It is not specific about what is the underlying energy source used to drive the heat pump. Electrically driven motors are common, but at scale and with adequate maturation, natural gas driven motors, or absorption cycle systems may be equally viable. All these products are part of a generic family for which the core technology is the same. Advances in this core technology benefit all types of heat pumps and refrigeration systems. Just as the LEDs for lighting benefited from market development of LEDs in computers, heat pumps used for water heating can benefit from development of heat pumps used for space conditioning. Most residential and commercial heat pumps and air conditioners use well established constant-speed compressors with simple analog controls. This technology has limited capability as it is often not capable of serving heating needs when ambient temperatures become cold (below freezing) and requires some form of back-up heating. Space conditioning with these systems consists of three primary components: the outdoor compressor/evaporator, the indoor forced air fan-coil, and a backup heat source such as an electric resistance heating coil (see figure 1). Figure 1 – Heat pump examples: heat pump water heater, mini-split HP, and central forced air HP The potential market for iASHPs is much larger than the market currently served by conventional ASHPs. This is primarily because of their ability to provide heating in cold climates. The future market (annual sales) potentially includes the displacement of 3.1 million warm air gas and oil fired furnaces, 2.6 million residential central heat pumps, 5.2 million central air conditioners 8 million single room air conditioners, and packaged terminal heat air conditioners (AHRI 2018), and 9 million water heaters (Ryan 2010). 1-4 ©2018 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in BuildingsPDF Image | Lync Diagram
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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