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6. CONCLUSIONS Electric vehicle range is largely dependent on heating loads in the winter months. Currently R134a and R1234yf are being used in heat pumps in vehicles on the market. Considerable improvements in heating performance have been shown in this paper for the R134a/R744 blend and R744. The R134a/R744 blend exhibits 15% to 50% higher heating capacities compared to R134a for the conditions tested at -10°C and below while maintaining comparable COP values. R445A has marginally lower performance in A/C operation compared to R134a and is overall a good option for A/C-HP systems based on performance. R744 shows equal or greater capacities compared to the already strong R134a/R744 blend results at -10°C and -20°C despite only operating at idle compressor speeds. At the equal or greater capacities, R744 exhibits much higher COP values up to nearly double that of the R134a/R744 blend at - 20°C. Heat pump performance alone will likely not drive the adoption of R445A or R744 in vehicles but the European Union regulations for GWP below 150 combined with flammability concerns for R1234yf may lead to adoption of one of these refrigerants opening the door for improved heat pump performance. REFERENCES ASHRAE Standard 41.2, 1987, Standard Methods for Laboratory Airflow Measurement Giannavola, M.S., 2001, Experimental Study of System Performance Improvements in Transcritical R744 Systems for Mobile Air-Conditioning and Heat Pumping, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Master’s Thesis. Musser A.M., 2005, Control Issues in Transcritical R744 Systems for Mobile Air-conditioning and Heat Pumping with Variable Displacement Compressors, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Master’s Thesis. Park, Y.C., Yin, J.M., Bullard, C.W., Hrnjak, P.S., 1999, Experimental and Model Analysis of Control and Operating Parameters of Transcritical CO2 Mobile A/C System, Vehicle Thermal Mgt. Systems Conf., London Petersen, M., Bowers, C.D., Elbel, S., Hrnjak, P. S., 2012, Development of High Efficiency Carbon Dioxide Commercial Heat Pump Water Heater, Int. Ref. and Air Cond. Conf, Purdue, West Lafayette, IN SAE, 2013, Development and Evaluation of AC5 and AC6 Refrigerants for MAC Applications SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2765, 2008, Procedure for Measuring System COP [Coefficient of Performance] of a Mobile Air Conditioning System on a Test Bench Wawzyniak, M., 2011, Quantitative Analysis of Heat Pump Systems, SAE Automotive Alternate Refrigerant Systems Symposium, Scottsdale, Arizona 15th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 14-17, 2014 2509, Page 10PDF Image | Mobile Heat Pump Exploration Using R445A and R744
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