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(European Union, 2014). The expected outcome is a reduction of 1.5 Gt of CO2-equivalent by 2030 and 5 Gt by 2050 from 2009-2012 average level. Currently, the F-gases represent 2% of the GHG emissions in Europe, and the growth has been of almost 60% since 1990. (European Commission , 2014). Additionally, the regulation imposes the phase down of refrigerants with GWP over the allowed limits and the restriction on the marketing and use of some of these products; it aims also at improving the prevention of leaks that contribute to the direct impact of the refrigeration and air conditioning units. The main points included in the new regulation are (Bitzer, 2014): Phase-down of the fluorinated gases currently in use. The percentage requirement is calculated on the CO2 equivalent basis (Figure 1.2). It is to be noted that the phase down only applies to HFCs and not to other fluorinated gases such as FCs or sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Introduction of a quota system. For each producer or importer, quotas indicating maximum quantities for every year from 2015 will be specified. A baseline value is calculated on the 2009- 2012 average volume placed on the market by each producer/importer, and the maximum quantity are calculated as percentages on this reference value (table in Figure 1.2). The quota received corresponds to 89% of the reference value multiplied by the percentage indicated for every year. The remaining 11% is allocated to new undertakings (AREA, 2014). The limitations will apply to products manufactured in countries that don’t belong to the European Union as well, that will only be importable if subjected to the quota system. A maximum GWP is defined for some applications, thus limiting from 2015 already the usage of some refrigerants in particular segments, such as domestic refrigerators and freezers Table 1.1. Leakage prevention and treatment. A schedule of mandatory checks is prepared in accordance with the application and size of the technology used, for all cases where a refrigerant charge higher than 5 tons of CO2 equivalent. The application of such a quantitative limit implies the long-term usage of new refrigerants with GWP < 500 at the most, with repercussions on systems not currently directly affected by the bans, as the requirements for refrigeration are expected to increase (Bitzer, 2014). Worldwide, other measures have been taken. In particular, in North America, the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) has been introduced as an EPA’s (Environmental Protection Agency) program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for class I (ODP ≥ 0.2) and class II (ODP < 0.2) ozone depleting substances under the Clean Air Act indications and moved in 2014 towards the implementation of new rules, making certain high GWP refrigerants unacceptable in various end-uses (Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). -12-PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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