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ππΆππ = ππ βπ hβπh(π) π=1π π πh(π ) β ππππ’(π ) βπhβ( π π+ππππ’(π)) π=1 π πΆππ (π) π ππππ‘πππ π (3.29) Where hj is the number of hours for which the outdoor temperature Tj [Β°C] occurs, Ph(Tj) is the heating demand corresponding to the outdoor temperature Tj [kW], elbu(Tj) is the eventual power obtained from an electric back-up unit [kW], and COPpartial (Tj) is the COP calculated at the specific outdoor temperature Tj. In the case of this study, it is assumed that no back-up unit is present. For the baseline, R410A, the SCOP is calculated as 4.14. 3.3. TEWI calculation The TEWI factor is calculated according to equation (2.1). A certain number of inputs, besides the GWP and the SCOP, are required in order to describe the system performance and their first assumed values are presented in Table 3.3. Table 3.3. TEWI input parameters Annual leakage rate Lifetime [years] 15 2%/year Ξ² [kg CO2/kWhe] Ξ± recovery 0.7 Charge [kg] 2.3* 0.023 Annual heating demand [kWh] 27547.35 * Example of charge value for R410A. The value adjusted for other refrigerants in accordance to the values presented below. The input parameters consist of: ο· Annual leakage rate, in % of the charge of the system. For a self-contained refrigerating system, the value is assumed at 2% (AIRAH, 2012). ο· Lifetime of the system, in years ο· Ξ² or CO2 emission factor, in kg CO2/kWhe The value is based on the average emission of the electricity sector of a country or area, thus is dependent on the energy mix of the considered location. In Sweden this factor is equal to 0.023 kg CO2/kWhe (Convenant of Mayors, 2012). ο· Ξ± or recovery efficiency, from 0 to 1 It indicates the proportion of refrigerant charge that is recovered from a system when decommissioned. Chosen by default at 0.7. -31-PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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