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50000.00 45000.00 2881.44 2.07 5.13 6.38 11.27 914.09 156.24 42483.83 39836.23 41536.12 43471.08 43766.65 45391.28 44193.11 40000.00 35000.00 30000.00 25000.00 20000.00 15000.00 10000.00 5000.00 0.00 R410A R32 R152a Indirect effect R290 R1270 Direct effect R1234yf R1234ze(E) Figure 4.16. TEWI calculated with ENTSO-E grid average The used β is calculated by the European Network of Transmission System Operator for Electricity (ENTSO-E), as an average value at the interconnection of all the major European grids. While not affecting the direct effect of the refrigerants, the increase of the emission factor entails a dramatic increase in their indirect effect and thus in the overall TEWI. This provokes a levelling of the lifetime emission of the heat pump within the refrigerants. The major increases are experienced by the “most consuming” refrigerants, thus the ones with lower SCOP. Specifically, the HCs measure an increase of 1751% and 1748% for propane and propylene respectively. They are closely followed by the HFOs that augment of 1748% and 1744% for R1234yf and R1234ze(E) respectively. 4.6. Summary of results for each refrigerant It is clear that there is no straightforward choice of one single refrigerant. Not only they cannot fulfil all the mentioned requirements at once, but the evaluation of performance also changes for the same refrigerant within the temperature range. This fact can be exemplified in Figure 4.17, where the whole range of operating conditions is represented in terms of relative difference of the VHC obtainable by a refrigerant versus the relative difference of COP, when compared to R410A that is thus placed at the intersection of the axes. This way, every point in the graph represents the VHC and COP at outdoor temperatures ranging from -22 °C to 16 °C. -45- TEWI [kg CO2]PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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