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%diff of COP 8.00 6.00 4.00 10.00 %diff of VHC -70.00 -60.00 2.00 0.00 R410A R32 R152a R290 R1270 R1234yf R1234ze -50.00 -40.00 -30.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00 -2.00 -4.00 -6.00 -8.00 -10.00 10.00 20.00 Figure 4.17. Relative difference (%) of COP vs. relative difference (%) of VHC compared to R410A at operating conditions corresponding to outdoor T ranging from -22 °C to 16 °C. It can be observed that not all of the options maintain the same placement in the whole range of operation. Specifically, R32 is always in the up-right corner, thus always entailing a better COP and a better heat production than R410A. R1234yf and R1234ze(E) always belong to the bottom-left one instead, thus implying a lower COP and a lower VHC at every outdoor temperature evaluated. Regarding the three other alternatives, R152a, R290 and R1270 though, the performance changes with varying operating condition, thus offering a better COP at the lowest temperatures but a worse one at the highest. It is then evident that the optimal choice may vary greatly according to the climate area or the temperature range that is being considered. Furthermore, as mentioned, no refrigerant fulfils all the ideal requirements at once. It is then fundamental to ponder both pros and cons of each alternative. In this concern, a summary of the main parameters that need to be considered is made in the following section. It comprises the discharge temperature, the COP and the VHC calculated at 0 °C (temperature with the highest occurrence), SCOP and TEWI factors on the overall heating season. The comparisons made are valid in a colder climate region, with a the Swedish emissions’ factor of the energy mix and for a type of heating using radiators. Moreover, other relevant considerations regarding flammability and costs are made. -46-PDF Image | Next generation of refrigerants for residential heat pump systems
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