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Fig. 7. Republic Square in Yerevan, Armenia, which is constructed from locally mined volcanic tuff. Photo coutesy of Voyage to Amasia Film. http://www.voyagetoamasia.com marine basins, and are found in some ocean sediments1,2,5. Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to varying degrees by other minerals, metals, quartz or other zeolites. For this reason, naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential. Some of the more common natural zeolites are: analcime, chabazite, heulandite, clinoptilolite, natrolite, soda- lite, phillipsite and stilbite. Stilbite is the modern designation of the mineral originally discovered by Cronstedt4. Some of the more important applications of zeolites are among the following1–3,5–11: . Buildings: four million tonnes of natural zeolites are mined annually mainly to be used in the construction industry, of which 2.5 million tonnes are shipped to China to make a light-weight concrete. Volcanic tuff may be cut with handsaws and used directly to fabricate houses and indeed all kinds of buildings, in regions where it is plentiful, e.g. Republic Square in Yerevan, Armenia, with its architectural splendour (Figure 7). . Around 1.4 million tonnes of zeolite A are synthesised each year for use as a ‘‘builder’’ in detergents, to remove and encapsulate Ca2 þ and Mg2 þ cations which make water ‘‘hard’’, rather than polypho- sphates which cause algal bloom in lakes and rivers. www.scienceprogress.co.uk Properties and applications of zeolites 229 Black plate (229,1)PDF Image | Properties and applications of zeolites
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