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Black plate (234,1) zeolites quite match the specificity and rate acceleration of the real McCoy. Two recent reviews of materials of this kind are available17,18. The first focuses on aspects of ‘‘green chemistry’’, and stresses the current need for cleaner fuels (i.e. those free or aromatics and of minimal sulfur content) or fuels that convert chemical energy directly to electricity, with minimum noise and avoiding the production of toxic oxides and particulates; chemical, petrochem- ical and pharmaceutical processes that may be conducted in a one- step, solvent-free manner and that use air as the preferred oxidant; and industrial processes that minimize energy-costs, waste-produc- tion, or the use of corrosive, explosive, volatile, and non-biode- gradable materials. Nanoporous catalysts based on zeolites are highlighted for specific examples which include the production of adipic acid that neither uses concentrated nitric acid nor produces greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide; the production of caprolactam (the precursor of nylon) without needing oleum and hydroxylamine sulfate; and the oxy-functionalization at the term- inal carbon atom of linear alkanes in air, which is important on a practical scale for detergent manufacture17. The second review refers more generally to supramolecular host–guest complexes in zeolites prepared by ship-in-a-bottle synthesis, and provides an excellent overview and coverage of history, characterisation, synthesis and current applications of zeolites with an emphasis on ship-in-a-bottle methods18. It is significant to note that pioneering thinking behind the synthesis of zeolites, as was achived by Barrer in the 1950s, originated from an attempt to mimic the conditions that were thought to prevail in the Earth to form zeolite minerals by natural processes. This led to the synthesis of zeolite Y19, which surely is one of the most significant practical breakthroughs in the chemistry of the 20th century, and Barrer is considered by many in the field to have been passed-over for the Nobel Prize for this discovery and his many other seminal contributions to zeolite chemistry. Two other highly informative reviews on zeolite-encapsulated catalysts for use in selective liquid phase oxidation reactions have also been published20,21. An early example of a ship-in-a-bottle synthesis was the production of the 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium cation, as encapsulated in the zeolite HY22. This cation may be generated in solution by the treatment of chalcone with acetophenone in the presence of strong acids such as perchloric or tetrafluoroboric acid. In the solid-acid zeolite medium, a similar acid-catalysed aldol condensa- 234 Christopher J. RhodesPDF Image | Properties and applications of zeolites
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