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[2] Notes on Pipe Corrosion Water treatment and water quality control Poor-quality circulating water can cause the water-side heat exchanger to scale up or corrode, reducing heat- exchange performance. Properly control the quality of the circulating water. • Removing foreign objects and impurities in the pipes During installation, keep foreign objects, such as welding and sealant fragments and rust, out of the pipes. • Water Quality Control (1) Poor-quality water can corrode or scale up the heat exchanger. Regular water treatment is recommended. Water circulation systems using open heat storage tanks are particularly prone to corrosion. When using an open heat storage tank, install a water-to-water heat exchanger, and use a closed-loop circuit on the air-conditioner side. If a water supply tank is installed, keep contact with air to a minimum, and keep the level of dissolved oxygen in the water no higher than 1 mg/l. (2) Water quality standard Items Higher mid-range temperature water system Water Temp. > 60oC Make-up water criteria (with secondary side control enabled) Water Temp. > 60oC Tendency Recirculating water Recirculating water Corrosive Scale- forming Standard items pH (25 ̊C) 6.5 ~ 8.0 6.5 ~ 8.0 Electric conductivity (mS/m) (25 ̊C) (μs/cm) (25 ̊C) 30 or less [300 or less] 30 or less [300 or less] Chloride ion (mg Cl-/l) 30 or less 30 or less Sulfate ion (mg SO42-/l) 30 or less 30 or less Acid consumption (pH4.8) (mg CaCO3/l) 50 or less 50 or less Calcium hardness (mg CaCO3/l) 6.5 ≤ pH ≤ 7.5 : 90 or less 7.5 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0 : 50 or less 250 or less Ionic silica (mg SiO2/l) 30 or less 30 or less Reference items Iron (mg Fe/l) 0.3 or less 0.3 or less Copper (mg Cu/l) 0.1 or less 0.1 or less Sulfide ion (mg S2-/l) Not to be detected Not to be detected Ammonium ion (mg NH4+/l) 0.1 or less 0.1 or less Residual chlorine (mg Cl/l) 0.1 or less 0.1 or less Free carbon dioxide (mg CO2/l) 10.0 or less 10.0 or less Reference: Guideline of Water Quality for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment. (JRA GL02E-1994) (3) Please consult with a water quality control specialist about water quality control methods and water quality calculations before using anti-corrosive solutions for water quality management. (4) When replacing an air conditioner (including when only the heat exchanger is replaced), first analyze the water quality and check for possible corrosion. Corrosion can occur in water systems in which there has been no signs of corrosion. If the water quality level has dropped, adjust the water quality before replacing the unit. (5) Suspended solids in the water Sand, pebbles, suspended solids, and corrosion products in water can damage the heating surface of the heat exchanger and cause corrosion. Install a good quality strainer (60 mesh or better) at the inlet of the unit to filter out suspended solids. (6) Connecting pipes made from different materials If different types of metals are placed in direct contact with each other, the contact surface will corrode. Install an insulating material between pipes that are made of different materials to keep them out of direct contact with each other. 13PDF Image | QAHV-N560YA-HPB
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
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