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12 | THE PERFECT FIT REGULATORY ASSISTANCE PROJECT PART2 Why heat pumps are so important Ambitious cuts in greenhouse gas emissions are required for the EU’s energy and climate goals to be achieved. To meet the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 (relative to 1990 levels), CO2 emissions from buildings must fall by more than half relative to 2015 levels.6 That means a massive increase in the energy saved through renovation and the replacement of tens of millions of fossil fuel heating systems, by sustainable and renewable alternatives. Heat pumps are widely seen as the key solution to replace fossil fuel heating systems, either as direct replacements in individual buildings or as part of district heating systems. As shown below in Figure 3, in 2017 83% of the installed capacity of space heating in the EU – some 129 million boilers – was estimated to be fossil-fuel fired (66% gas, 15% oil, 2% coal), more than half of which was also relatively inefficient (ranked in C or lower energy classes) and old (before 1992).7 Similarly, more than half of the heat sold through heat networks in Europe still originates from fossil fuels,8 and many older district heating systems remain old and inefficient, including as much as 80% of the systems in Poland.9 Figure 3. The installed capacity of space heating in the EU in 2017 (top) with a breakdown of district heating fuel use (below). Fossil-fuel fired: 3,855 GW Non-condensing gas boilers: 333 Condensing gas boilers: 1,438 Non-condensing oil boilers: 617 Condensing oil boilers: 64 Powered by electricity and renewable sources: 809 GW 82.7% 17.3% Coal boilers: Renewables 114 Electric heating: 333 District heating: 318 Heat pumps: 100 Biomass boilers: 48 Solar thermal: 10 (in combination with other technologies) Biomass 22% Ambient heat 0% Waste (RES) 7% Geothermal 2% Solar 0% Waste (non-RES) 8% Oil 3% Lignite 6% Gas 32% 31% 69% sil fuels and non-RES waste Source of overall heat mix: Zill, M. et al. (2020). Five Years Left: How ecodesign and energy labelling can decabonise heating. ECOS. Source of heat network mix: From Fraunhofer et al. (2021). Description of the heat supply sectors of individual EU Member States Space heating market summary 2017- European Union (EU-27), forthcoming. 6 European Commission. (2020b). Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the proposals on the EU ETS Directive. Commission staff working document, impact assessment. Part 2/4. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/revision-eu-ets_with-annex_en_0.pdf 7 Zill, M., Boye Olesen, G. & Toulouse, E. (2020). Five Years Left: How ecodesign and energy labelling can decabonise heating. ECOS. https://ecostandard.org/ wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Five-Years-Left-How-ecodesign-and-energy-labelling-Coolproducts-report.pdf; Fraunhofer et al. (2021). Description of the heat supply sectors of individual EU Member States Space heating market summary 2017- European Union (EU-27), forthcoming. 8 IEA. (2020). District heat sales in Europe by fuel source, 2000-2019 [webpage]. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/district-heat-sales-in- europe-by-fuel-source-2000-2019 9 Macuk, R. (2019). Heating in Poland – Edition 2019. Forum Energii. https://forum-energii.eu/en/analizy/cieplownictwo-2019 Hard coal 20% PDF Image | RAP Perfect Fit Heat Pump
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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