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REGULATORY ASSISTANCE PROJECT THE PERFECT FIT | 21 Figure 7. Estimated seasonal air source heat pump COPs across Europe Source: Estimated seasonal air source heat pump COPs in Europe based on: Nouvel, R, et al. (2015). European Mapping of Seasonal Performances of Air-source and Geothermal Heat Pumps for Residential Applications; and Miara, M. (2021). How well do heat pumps really work in existing buildings? Innovation 4E. It is also worth noting that different types of heat pumps and differences in how they are installed can lead to variations in SCOP. For example, ground source heat pumps generally have higher SCOPs than air source heat pumps because the ground is normally warmer than the air on an annual basis. The temperature of the hot water in the heating system also has a significant impact on COP, with lower flow temperatures leading to higher COPs. In general, higher COPs can be achieved through the use of underfloor heating, although large radiators can achieve similar results. 3.3 The existing policy environment In nearly all European countries, regulations continue to allow the installation of replacement fossil-fuel heating systems in existing homes, and many still allow the installation of fossil-fuel heating in new homes. Furthermore, a number of Member States continue to subsidize and/or incentivize the installation of fossil-fuel heating, often through fuel poverty-focused schemes. Where permitted, most householders and housing developers will continue to install fossil-fuel systems, because these tend to have lower capital costs than heat pump alternatives. 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6PDF Image | RAP Perfect Fit Heat Pump
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