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Energies 2019, 12, 457 23 of 35 Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 33 recovery. Moreover, GSHPs with conventional refrigerants can only provide hot water up to 60 ◦C, whereas a CO GSHPs can supply water of 90 ◦C or even higher. Wang et al. [121] modeled a CO hot water up t2o 60 °C, whereas a CO2 GSHPs can supply water of 90 °C or even higher. Wang et al2. GSHP cycle with a U-tube ground HX and found that it could achieve an equivalent performance as [121] modeled a CO2 GSHP cycle with a U-tube ground HX and found that it could achieve an that of the conventional R134a and R22 HP cycles. Moreover, use of an expander yielded the COPs of equivalent performance as that of the conventional R134a and R22 HP cycles. Moreover, use of an 5.5and5.9inthesummerandthewinter,respectively,whichwerehigherthanabaselineCO GSHP expander yielded the COPs of 5.5 and 5.9 in the summer and the winter, respectively, whic2h were system without the expander. Kim et al. [32] presented a similar steady-state simulation of a CO higher than a baseline CO2 GSHP system without the expander. Kim et al. [32] presented a similar2 geothermal HP using an IHX described in part 3.5. steady-state simulation of a CO2 geothermal HP using an IHX described in part 3.5. In conttrraasstttotoththeecocmommononhohroizroiznotanltaHlXHGXSGHSPH, NP,ejNadejaetdael.t[1a2l.0[]1m20o]dmeleodealesdteadsyt-esatadtye-tswtaote- ptwhaos-pehCaOse2 CfilOle2dfivllerdticvaelrtbiocarelhbolreh(Foilgeu(Freig6u)rteh6a)ttchoautldcobueldubseduasesdaadsiraedcti-rexcpt-aenxspiaonseiovnapevoraaptoraftor afogrraogurnoduncoducpoluepdlehdeahtepatupmupm(pG(CGHCPH)Pd)udruinrgingthtehehehaetaintigngmmodode.e.TThheesstutuddyyaanaallyyzzeedtthe thermal performance of the borehole along with the effect of pressure, temperature,, and quality of CO2 on the performance, and compared the results with a single-phase borehole system. The simulation results indicated that the two-phase HTC of CO2 iis exceptionally conducive for greater heat extraction from ◦◦ the borrehollee..TThihsisisids udeuteo,toat, atrealarteilvaetliyveslmy aslml vaallrivaatiroinatinonCOin2 CteOm2pteermatpuerera(t0u°rCe t(o0 −1C.8to°C−),1a.8larCge), amlaorugnetaomfoeunetrgoyf einseargvyailiasbalveabileacbaluesbeecoafutsheeolfatrhge llaartgeentlahtenat hoefatvaopfovraizpaotrioizna.tiHono.wHevoewr,evtheer, ◦ ehneelprgeydhtoelrpeecdhatorgrectheargreotuhnedgirnouthnedlionntgherulnon,ganrdunth,uansdintchruesasinedcrtehaeseHdPtheeffiHcPienefcfyicbieync3y0%by.M30o%st. Mimopsotritmanptolyrt,atnhtelyb,otrheehobloereHhXo’lsesHizXe’csosuizlde cboeurleddbuecerdedwuhceilde wenhsiulerienngstuhreinsgamtheseaamsoensaelaCsoOnPa.l COP. Figure6..ScShchememataitcicprpersesnetnataiotinoonfoafvaervtiecratlicgaelogtheoerthmearlmbaolrebhooreleh.oRlep. rRoedpurcoeduwceitdhwpeirthmpisesriomnisfrsoiomn from [120]. Elsevier, 2014. tehmeptemraptuereatvuarreiavtaiorinatiniotnheinsitnhgeles-inpghlaes-eprheagsieonrewgiaosnsiwgnasifisciagntilfiychanigthly(mhiagxhim(mumaxiomfu6.m3°oCf),6w.3hiCch), lweahdicshtoleadreslatotivaerleylaltoiwvehlyealotwexhtreaacttieoxntr.aTchtiosns.tuTdhyisasltsuodsyugaglseostseudgtgheasteadtrtahnastiaentrtahnesaietntrtahnesafet rtrmanosdferl amlondgelwaliothngthweithstethaedyst-esatadtye-smtaotdeemloisdeelsiseenstsiaelntfioarlfuornduenrdsetarsntdaindgintghethdeydnyanmamicicbbehehavavioirorooffthe boreholesiincceththeebobroerheohloelewawllatlelmtepmerpaetruarteudrecdreacsresaswesithwtitmhet.imAde.diAtidondaitliloy,nalsloyl,aarassosliasrteadsGsiSstHedP GwSaHs sPimwualsasteimd ubylaEtemdmbyi eEtmalm. [i1e3t1a]lf.o[r13c1o]ldfocrlicmoladtecsl,imanadteist,sahnodwietdshthowatetdhethinatetghreaitniotnegorfastiolnaroefnseorlgayr [120]. Elsevier, 2014. 4.2. Hybrid Heat Pump Systems 4.2. Hybrid Heat Pump Systems Interest in hybrid systems has grown over time due to the necessity of employing sustainable Interest in hybrid systems has grown over time due to the necessity of employing sustainable renewable energy sources. To meet the energy demand for residential and commercial heating/cooling renewable energy sources. To meet the energy demand for residential and commercial as well as hot water dependent applications, researchers have not only developed novel hybrid systems heating/cooling as well as hot water dependent applications, researchers have not only developed but also suggested improvements for the existing system configurations. novel hybrid systems but also suggested improvements for the existing system configurations. 4.2.1. Hybrid Solar Use of low-grade heat sources such as solar energy as an auxiliary energy source integrated with a HP to obtain net zero energy balanced (nZEB) has been considered and explored by many researchers. A solar assisted CO2 HP is typically more energy efficient than baseline HPs. Chen et al. [132] experimentally demonstrated that a solar assisted CO2 HP for space heating could attain anPDF Image | Recent Advances in Transcritical CO2 (R744) Heat Pump System
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