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Energies 2019, 12, 457 29 of 35 comparatively low. With further effort, it is expected that CO2 HP would become a viable alternative that is acceptable worldwide for various applications with a low cost, high performance, and a positive environmental impact. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, H.Y. and J.S.; methodology, S.K. and J.S.; investigation, R.U.R.; writing—original draft preparation, R.U.R.; writing—review and editing, H.Y.; supervision, S.K. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Abbreviations CFC Chlorofluorocarbons HFC Hydrofluorocarbons GWP Global warming potential COP Coefficient of performance ODP Ozone depletion potential IHX Internal heat exchanger HX Heat exchanger HTC Heat transfer coefficient DSH Degree of superheat MCHX Microchannel heat exchanger FGB Flash gas bypass CDP Compressor discharge pressure HEM Homogeneous equilibrium model EEV Electronic expansion valve ASHP Air source heat pump ESC Extremum seeking control WSHP Water source heat pump GSHP Ground source heat pump GCHP Ground coupled heat pump nZEB Net zero energy balanced GSAHP Geothermal-solar assisted heat pump HPWH Heat pump water heater References 1. Bolaji, B.O.; Huan, Z. Ozone depletion and global warming: Case for the use of natural refrigerant—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 18, 49–54. [CrossRef] 2. Varotsos, C. The 20th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and the unexplainable 60% of ozone loss. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2008, 15, 448–449. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. ASHRAE. 15 & 34 Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems and Designation and Classification of Refrigerants ISO 5149 Mechanical Refrigerating Systems Used for Cooling and Heating—Safety Requirements. Available online: https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standards-15-34 (accessed on 17 October 2018). 4. Lachner, B.F.; Nellis, G.F.; Reindl, D.T. The commercial feasibility of the use of water vapor as a refrigerant. Int. J. Refrig. 2007, 30, 699–708. [CrossRef] 5. ASHRAE Position Document on Natural Refrigerants; American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2014. 6. Kim, M.H.; Pettersen, J.; Bullard, C.W. Fundamental process and system design issues in CO2 vapor compression systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2004, 30, 119–174. [CrossRef] 7. Yang, D.; Song, Y.; Cao, F.; Jin, L.; Wang, X. Theoretical and experimental investigation of a combined R134a and transcritical CO2 heat pump for space heating. Int. J. Refrig. 2016, 72, 156–170. [CrossRef] 8. Life Cycle Climate Performance Energy Tool. Emerson Climate Technologies. Available online: www. emersonclimate.com (accessed on 3 November 2018).PDF Image | Recent Advances in Transcritical CO2 (R744) Heat Pump System
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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