PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
Global Warming and TEWI Factor As already mentioned (see chapter Re- frigerant developments and legal situation, page 3), a method of calculation has been developed to judge the influence upon the global warming effect for the operation of individualrefrigerationplants(TEWI=Total Equivalent Warming Impact). All halocarbon refrigerants (including the non-chlorinated HFCs) belong to the cat- egory of greenhouse gases. An emission of these substances contributes to the global warming effect. The influence is however much greater in comparison to CO2, which is the main greenhouse gas in the atmo- sphere (in addition to water vapour). Based on a time horizon of 100 years, the emis- sion from 1 kg R134a is for example rough- ly equivalent to 1430 kg of CO2 (GWP = 1430). Thus, the reduction of refrigerant losses must be one of the main tasks for the future. On the other hand, the major contributor to a refrigeration plant’s global warming effect is the (indirect) CO2 emission caused by energy generation. Based on the high per- centage of fossil fuels used in power sta- tions, the average European CO2 release is around 0.365 kg per kWh* of electrical ener- gy. This results in a significant greenhouse effect over the lifetime of the plant. Due to a deciding proportion of the total bal- ance, there is not only a need for alternative refrigerants with a favorable (thermodynam- ic) energy balance, but an increase in de- mand for highly efficient compressors and associated equipment as well as opti- mised system components and system con- trol. When various compressor designs are com- charges, leakage losses and energy con- sumptions (example: medium temperature with R134a). This example is simplified based on an overall leak rate as a percentage of the refrigerant charge. The actual values vary very strongly, so that the potential risk of individually constructed systems and exten- sively branched plants is especially high. Great effort is taken worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and legal regu- lations have partly been developed already. Since 2007, the "Regulation on certain fluor- inated greenhouse gases" – which also defines stringent requirements for refriger- ation and air conditioning systems – has become valid for the EU. Meanwhile, the revised Regulation No. 517/2014 entered into force and has to be applied since Jan- uary 2015. * Average for EU 2019, source: www.carbonfootprint.com Fig. 3 Comparison of TEWI figures (example) 6 pared,thedifferenceofindirectCO emis- 2 sion (due to the energy requirement) can have a larger influence upon the total effect than the refrigerant losses. A usual formula is shown in Fig. 2. The TEWI factor can be calculated and the vari- ous areas of influence are correspondingly separated. Additionally, the following figure (Fig. 3) shows TEWI values with various refrigerant Fig. 2 Environmental aspects = Method for the calculation of TEWI figures Example Medium temperature R134a SST -10 °C SCT +40 °C m 10kg//25kg L[10%] 1 kg // 2.5 kg CAP 13.5 kW E 5 kW x 5000 h/a β 0.365 kg CO /kWh* α 0.75 2 η 15 years GWP 1430 (CO2 = 1) time horizon 100 yearsPDF Image | REFRIGERANT REPORT 21
PDF Search Title:
REFRIGERANT REPORT 21Original File Name Searched:
A-501-21_EN.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)