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A transient two-dimensional heat conduction model was developed in order to calculate the transient temperature profiles (thermoclines) in cylindrical single-shell DHW tanks at actual tank designs, temperature levels and gas cooler heating capacities. The model, which was estab- lished in the Neutral Model Format (Sahlin, 1996) and IDA (Equa Simu- lation Technology Group, 1996), was verified by means of measurements from the DHW test rig. Results and Conclusions Integrated CO2 Heat Pumps ♦ Residential CO2 heat pump systems for combined space heating and hot water heating may achieve the same or higher seasonal perfor- mance factor (SPF) than the most energy efficient state-of-the-art brine-to-water heat pumps as long as: o The CO2 heat pump unit covers the entire DHW heating demand, and the annual heat delivered for DHW production is minimum 25 to 30% of the total annual heat delivered from the heat pump. o The CO2 heat pump unit is operated in the combined heating mode when there is a simultaneous space heating and DHW heating demand. o The return temperature in the hydronic space heating system is about 30oC or lower. o The city water temperature is about 10oC or lower. o The thermodynamic losses in the DHW storage tank are low, i.e. negligible mixing losses and minimum conductive heat transfer between the hot and cold water during tapping and charging. ♦ In contrary to conventional heat pump systems for combined space heating and DHW heating, the integrated CO2 heat pump system achieves the highest COP in the combined heating mode and the DHW heating mode, and the lowest COP in the space heating mode. Hence, the larger the annual DHW heating demand, the higher the SPF of the integrated CO2 heat pump system. ♦ The lower the return temperature in the space heating system and the lower the DHW storage temperature, the higher the COP of the inte- grated CO2 heat pump. A low return temperature in the space heating system also results in a moderate DHW heating capacity ratio, which ixPDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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