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1.1.2.2 A Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Com- bined Space Heating and Hot Water Heating Previous work on residential CO2 heat pumps has been dealing with systems for either space heating or hot water heating. It was therefore considered interesting to carry out a theoretical and experimental study of residential brine-to-water and water-to-water CO2 heat pump systems for combined low-temperature space heating and hot water heating. The main reasons for selecting this heat pump concept were as follows: ♦ Increasing Relative Heating Demand for Domestic Hot Water Due to stricter building codes, the transmission and infiltration losses in houses have been considerably reduced in recent years, whereas the ventilation losses and the domestic hot water (DHW) heating demand have become more significant. Hence, the annual heating demand for DHW in new houses constitutes an increasing part of the total heating demand (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). ♦ High-Efficiency Ground-Source and Water-Source Heat Pumps The average seasonal performance factor (SPF) of ground-source and water-source heat pump systems is typically 25% higher than that of air-source systems (Gilly et al., 1999). They also maintain the heating capacity at low ambient temperatures, and have longer operational life-time due to relatively high and stable evaporation temperatures. ♦ Low-Temperature Heat Distribution Systems The lower the distribution temperature, the higher the SPF of the heat pump system. Residential low-temperature floor heating systems are now gaining an increasing market share in many European countries, while central low-temperature air heating systems are commonly used in the USA and Canada. (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). 1.2 Objectives of the Doctoral Work The main objective of the doctoral work has been: To carry out a theoretical and experimental study of residential brine-to-water and water-to-water CO2 heat pump systems for combined low-temperature space heating and hot water heating, and to compare the performance with the state-of-the-art heat pump technology. 1 – Introduction 3PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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