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2 Technological Status for Residential Heat Pumps for Space and Hot Water Heating This chapter provides an overview of the technological status of residen- tial ground-source and water-source heat pump systems for combined space heating and hot water heating – so-called integrated brine-to-water and water-to-water heat pumps. The initial part of the chapter presents a classification of residential heat pump systems, and briefly describes the development in heating demands for houses as well as the main characteristics and typical temperature requirements for hydronic heat distribution systems. The state-of-the-art- technology for residential brine-to-water and water-to-water heat pump systems is presented, focusing on commonly used working fluids, compo- nent and system designs, energy efficiency and main operational charac- teristics. The final part of the chapter summarizes the research and development work on residential CO2 heat pump systems. 2.1 Classification of Residential Heat Pump Systems Figure 2.1 shows a possible way to classify residential heating-only heat pump systems according to the heating demand(s) that are covered by the heat pump, the type of heat source and heat distribution system(s) and whether the system is monovalent or bivalent. Monovalent heat pumps cover the entire annual space heating demand, whereas bivalent heat pumps are sized for 40 to 60% of the maximum heat load and cover about 50 to 90% of the annual space heating demand in the house. The remaining heat load is covered by an auxiliary heating system (peak load). 2 – Technological Status 7PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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