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2.2 Heating Demands in Houses The heating demands in a house are caused by transmission and infiltra- tion losses through the building envelope, ventilation losses when fresh air is supplied to the house by means of a ventilation system, and heating of domestic hot water (DHW). Owing to the implementation of more stringent building codes, the transmission and infiltration losses in new houses have been considerably reduced in recent years. Various standards for low-energy houses have also been established in Europe, the USA and Canada. The annual transmission and ventilation losses in these houses are typically 40 to 50% lower than that of new houses which are designed in accordance with prevailing building regulations (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). Owing to the decreasing space heating demand and the fact that about 70% of the ventilation losses in balanced ventilation systems can be recovered by heat exchange, the annual heating demand for DHW con- stitutes an increasing share of the total heating demand in new houses. Figure 2.2 shows, as an example, the development of the different heating demands in German single-family houses (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). According to Afjei (1997) and Breembroek and Dieleman, the DHW ratio1 typically ranges from 10 to 15% in existing houses and from 20 to 45% in new houses and low-energy houses. Single-family house, 3-4 persons, 150 m2 heated area, surface/volume = 0.84 50 2 – Technological Status 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 Figure 2.2 Ventilation heating demand Transmission heating demand DHW heating demand 160 15 Building stock Building regulation 1984 Building regulation 1995 Low-energy house 50 80 15 Development of the annual heating demand [kWh/(m2year)] for German single-family houses with 150 m2 heated area and 3-4 residents (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). 40-50 40-50 15 25 30 15 1 The ratio of the annual DHW heating demand and the total annual heating demand of the house when heating of ventilation air is excluded. 9 Heating demand [kWh/m2y)PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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