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2 – Technological Status 2.3 Hydronic Heat Distribution Systems 2.3.1 Main Characteristics Heat distribution systems for residential heat pumps can be classified as ductless air systems (space conditioning), central air systems (space conditioning and ventilation) and hydronic systems (space heating and heating of ventilation air). However, since the scope of this thesis is limited to brine-to-water and water-to-water heat pump systems, only hydronic heat distribution systems will be presented in more detail. A hydronic heat distribution system comprises a closed-loop piping system, circulation pumps, an expansion system as well as terminal units for rejection of heat. Common terminal units are radiators, convectors, floor/wall/ceiling heating systems as well as fan-coil units. In contrary to ductless and central air systems, hydronic heat distribution systems can be connected to an accumulator tank (thermal storage), which can be used to shave electric peak loads and utilize off-peak electricity tariffs. The systems also enable separate temperature control in the rooms, and they generally have low parasitic energy demands and low distribution losses (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). However, a separate ventilation system is required in order to provide adequate indoor air quality in modern air-tight houses. With the exception of simple fan-coil systems, the state-of-the-art hydronic systems have relatively high investment and installation costs, and they are therefore mainly considered a viable option in new houses or houses that are being rehabilitated. 2.3.2 TemperatureRequirements Table 2.1 presents common temperature requirements for different types of terminal units in hydronic heat distribution systems installed in houses in Europe, the USA and Canada (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). Table 2.1 System Temperature Common temperature requirements for different types of ter- minal units in hydronic heat distribution systems (Breem- broek and Dieleman, 2001). Radiators Convectors Floor Heating Fan-Coils 60 – 80oC 45 – 55oC 35 – 45oC 40 – 50oC 10PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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