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2 – Technological Status with a low thermal mass will correspondingly have a much lower time constant, which leads to more effective temperature control in the rooms. Due to the moderate temperature difference between the water in the tubes and the air, floor heating systems also have a self-regulating effect, and the lower the water temperature, the larger the reduction in the heat transfer rate at elevated room temperatures. Consequently, in low-tempe- rature floor heating systems, the water temperature can be kept constant, and the heat emission from the system can be controlled solely by intermittent operation of the solenoid valves (Afjei, 1997). 2.4 The Heat Pump System 2.4.1 Design of the Heat Pump Unit Residential brine-to-water and water-to-water heat pump units are generally equipped with the following main components: ♦ Plate heat exchangers (PHE) as evaporator and condenser ♦ Hermetic scroll or reciprocating compressor ♦ Thermostatic expansion valve (with external pressure equalization) ♦ Liquid receiver/accumulator (large capacity units only) ♦ Suction gas heat exchanger (propane and R-134a units) ♦ Subcooler (rarely included) ♦ De-superheater – tube coil or plate heat exchanger (rarely included) ♦ Expansion tank (brine systems only) ♦ Pumps for the secondary brine/water systems (not always included) ♦ Safety equipment, power supply, control/monitoring system The heat pumps are using R-404A, R-407C, R-410A, HFC-134a (R-134a), R-290 (propane) or R-1270 (propene) as the working fluid. Table 2.2 presents some important physical and thermophysical properties for the most commonly used fluids. Since R-134a has a considerably lower volumetric heating capacity than the other working fluids, R-134a heat pump units are mainly utilized in high-temperature radiator systems as well as in houses with a considerable DHW heating demand. 12PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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