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3 – Theoretical Background and System Analysis 3 Theoretical Background and System Analysis The initial part of this chapter provides a general analysis of the perfor- mance for the transcritical CO2 heat pump cycle, and discusses operational characteristics for an integrated brine/water-to-water CO2 heat pump unit using a tripartite gas cooler for preheating of domestic hot water (DHW), space heating and reheating of DHW. The theoretical framework for an exergy analysis of the heat pump system is also presented. The last part of the chapter presents the principle design and the main operational charac- teristics of the DHW system, and provides an analysis of the exergy losses in the DHW storage tank. The application of a movable insulating plate, that reduces the conductive heat transfer inside the DHW tank and elimi- nates the mixing of hot and cold water, is also analysed. All calculations in this chapter have been performed by means of Micro- soft Excel. The Span and Wagner (1996) equation of state was used for the thermodynamic properties of CO2. 3.1 Introduction Designing an integrated CO2 heat pump system is a multi-variable problem, partly due to the strong interaction between the performance of the heat pump unit and the operational characteristics of the space heating and DHW systems. An integrated heat pump system can be designed for high energy efficiency, but in the design process there will always be a trade-off between first costs and technical solutions that reduce the thermodynamic losses in the system. In general, residential heat pump systems should have a simple design in order to be competitive with low- priced conventional heating systems. As a consequence, the theoretical analysis has been limited to single-stage heat pumps, since the higher coefficient of performance (COP) of a two-stage unit does not outweigh the additional investment costs (Brandes and Kruse, 2000). 25PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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