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3 – Theoretical Background and System Analysis Table 3.1 Measured COPs as well as calculated Lorentz COPs and Lorentz efficiencies for residential CO2 heat pumps for low- temperature floor heating (Kerherve and Clodic, 2002) and heating of DHW (Saikawa and Hashimoto, 2000). Heating Demand Space heating DHW heating 3.2.1.2 T0 T2s T3 COPHP COPLZ ηLZ 0oC 32oC 28oC 3.2 10.1 0.32 0oC 85oC 10oC 3.0 6.9 0.43 The Ideal Lorentzen Cycle For conventional heat pump systems with subcritical heat rejection, the ideal Evans-Perkins cycle is normally used as the ideal reference cycle. Halozan and Ritter (1994) proposed to use the ideal Lorentzen cycle as the ideal reference cycle for the transcritical CO2 cycle. This cycle has the following changes of state: 1 – 2s 2s – 3 3 – 4 4 – 1 Isentropic single-stage compression to supercritical pressure Isobaric supercritical heat rejection (gliding temperature) Isenthalpic expansion Isothermal heat absorption Figure 3.2 shows the principle of the ideal Lorentzen cycle in a Tempera- ture-entropy (T-s) diagram. 28 Figure 3.2 Illustration of the ideal Lorentzen cycle in a T-s diagram. 3 constant h 4 1 constant p constant T and p 2s constant s Specific Entropy [kJ/kgK] Temperature [K]PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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