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is the DHW heating capacity ratio, which is defined as: ⎡&&⎤ 3 – Theoretical Background and System Analysis 3.2.4.2 Operational Characteristics Simultaneous Space Heating and Hot Water Heating (Combined Mode) An important parameter for the CO2 heat pump unit in the combined mode ξDHW−HC =⎢ QDHW−P +QDHW−R ⎥ (3.5) &&& 110 90 70 50 30 10 -10 450 Figure 3.11 500 550 600 650 700 750 110 90 70 50 30 10 -10 800 850 ⎢Q +Q +Q ⎥ ⎣ DHW−P DHW−R SH ⎦ where the subscripts SH, DHW-P and DHW-R refer to space heating, preheating of DHW and reheating of DHW, respectively. The DHW heating capacity ratio is determined by the temperature levels and mass flow rates for the space and DHW systems, the discharge gas temperature from the compressor, the high-side pressure, the CO2 mass flow rate and the heat transfer area and geometry for the three gas cooler units. In Figure 3.11, the supercritical heat rejection process in the combined mode is illustrated in a temperature-enthalpy (T-h) diagram. At 8.5 MPa high-side pressure, heat is supplied to a low-temperature floor heating system at 35/30°C supply/return temperatures and a DHW system where the inlet water temperature and set-point temperature are 6.5oC and 70oC, respectively. At the actual gas cooler design and operating conditions, the DHW heating capacity ratio is about 45%. A B C CO2 - 8.5 MPa (a-b-c-d) Preheating of DHW Low-temperature space heating Reheating of DHW ∆TA A d c b C a B Specific Enthalpy, h (kJ/kg) Illustration of the heat rejection process for a tripartite gas cooler operating in the combined mode. The high-side pressure is 8.5 MPa. 39 Temperature, T (oC)PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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