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Appendix A – CO2 as a Working Fluid in Heat Pumps Figure A11 illustrates the relationship between the specific heating capa- city (q), the specific compressor work (w) and the COP for a transcritical heat pump cycle. The boundary conditions are the same as in Figure A10. 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 COP q w 7 8 9 10 11 Pressure [MPa] Figure A11 The relationship between the specific heating capacity (q), the specific compressor work (w) and the COP for a CO2 heat pump at varying high-side pressures. The boundary conditions are as in Figure A10. Pettersen and Skaugen (1994) presented a simplified differential expres- sion for the optimum pressure of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration or air conditioning process. The same type of expression can be derived for a heat pump system. The COP of a transcritical CO2 heat pump is defined as: εHP = q = h2 −h3 (A3) w h2−h1 where the subscripts 1, 2 and 3 refer to the compressor inlet, the compressor outlet (gas cooler inlet) and the gas cooler outlet, respectively. At constant CO2 outlet temperature from the gas cooler, the maximum COP is found for (∂εHP/∂p)=0, which gives the following equation assuming constant inlet conditions for the compressor (i.e. h1=constant) and isentropic compression. ⎛⎜∂h3 ⎞⎟ =−(εHP −1)⋅⎛⎜∂h2 ⎞⎟ (A4) ⎝ ∂p ⎠T ⎝ ∂p ⎠s A15 COP [-] Specific Enthalpy [kJ/kg]PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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