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Appendix D – Uncertainty Analysis D2 Uncertainty in the Evaporation Temperature Each test series for the integrated CO2 heat pump unit was carried out at a constant evaporation temperature, and the evaporation temperature T was based on a pressure measurement p at the evaporator outlet. The uncer- tainty in the saturation temperature was calculated from the uncertainty in the absolute pressure measurement: Table D1 T [°C] δT [K] The absolute uncertainty in the evaporation temperature. -10 -5 0 ±0.16 ±0.14 ±0.13 δT=⎛⎜∂T⎞⎟ ⋅δp ⎝ ∂p ⎠sat (D4) The uncertainty in the pressure measurements was ±12 kPa. Table D1 shows the computed absolute uncertainties in the evaporation temperature at the temperature levels that were used in the tests. D3 Uncertainty in the Gas Cooler Heating Capacity D3.1 Water Circuit Measurements The total heating capacity of the CO2 heat pump for space heating (SH) and hot water heating (DHW) is given by the following equation: Q=[V⋅ρ⋅c ⋅(T −T )] +[V⋅ρ⋅c ⋅(T −T )] (D5) & & p out In SH & p out In DHW where V& is the water flow rate [m3/s], Tin and Tout the inlet and outlet water temperatures [°C], and ρ and cp the density [kg/m3] and the specific heat capacity [J/kgK] of water, respectively. According to Eq. D2, the absolute uncertainty in the total heating capacity is: (D6) D2 & [ρ⋅c ⋅(T −T )⋅δV] +[2⋅V⋅ρ⋅c ⋅δT] + ⎢ p out In SH p SH ⎥ 22 ⎡ & & ⎤0.5 δQ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢22⎥ [ρ⋅c ⋅(T −T )⋅δV] +[2⋅V⋅ρ⋅c ⋅δT] ⎢ p out In & & p ⎥ ⎣ DHW DHW ⎦PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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