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Appendix F – Characteristic Properties of DHW Systems Appendix F Characteristic Properties of DHW Systems The annual heating demand for domestic hot water (DHW) in European, US and Canadian homes typically ranges from 3000 to 6000 kWh/family (Breembroek and Dieleman, 2001). Table F1 shows some characteristic parameters for DHW systems in Europe (Novakovic et al., 1996). Table F1 Characteristic parameters for European domestic hot water (DHW) systems (Novakovic, et al., 1996) City water temperature Minimum storage temperature Hot water storage temperature Hot water user temperature Hot water demand – tapping sites Hot water flow rate • 5 – 20oC (cold mains supply) • 55 – 60oC • 60 – 85oC • 35 – 40oC (shower, bath-tubs, washbasins) • 60 – 70oC (washing up) • Bath-tub • Shower • W ashbasin • Washing-up • Bath-tub • Shower • W ashbasin • W ashing-up 100 – 150 litres 50 – 80 litres 5 – 10 litres 10 – 20 litres 0.3 litres/s 0.1 – 0.2 litres/s 0.1 litres/s 0.2 litres/s Unvented single-shell and double-shell DHW tanks are usually cylindrical and are made from stainless steel plates and insulated with 40 mm glass- wool, expanded polystyrene (EPS) or expanded polyurethane. The tank volumes typically range from 100 to 350 litres (ref. Section 2.4.2.2). TNO-MEP in the Netherlands have developed a protocol for testing heat pump water heaters in accordance with standard daily tapping patterns/- classes (Oostendorp and Traversari, 2000). The heat pumps are tested for classes 3 and 4, which correspond to a daily consumption of 60oC hot water of 150 and 180 litres. This corresponds to about 250 and 300 litres of 40oC water at the tapping site. F1PDF Image | Residential CO2 Heat Pump System for Combined
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