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Technological innovations in heat pump systems 263 Figure 1. Winter operation of a reversible heat pump (doc. Carrier). not be neglected is heat pumps driven directly by heat either by an i.c. engine (but recently also by an e.c.) or absorption heat pumps. The market growth is particularly important in Europe where the annual increment has two digits in recent years, such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Sweden. Let us consider the example of Germany where the increase of the heat pump market was 30% in 2004 (Fig. 2). The heating capacity of this equipment is very different: from a few kW for a sanitary water heat pump to more than 10 MW for some district heating heat pumps installed in Sweden. From this survey of the market it appears to be of greater interest to understand the technological developments that the various manufacturers offer. 2. A short history of the heat pump The heat pump is one of the few devices conceived in the theory before practice. Sadi Carnot’s analysis back in 1824 primarily applies to the steam engine, but a fundamen- tal role in his Réflexions is played by the concept of a reversible cycle that implies the possibility of realising a cooling machine. Passing from cooling machine to heat pump is rather simple for us: it is enough to change the roles of cold source and heat sink. The useful effect of the heat pump is the heat that the cooling machine must dissipate. However, theoretical passing required 28 years. William Thompson, the famous Lord Kelvin, wrote the report ‘On the economy of the heating and cooling of buildings by means of currents of air’. It was written in 1852 and it contains the interesting technological proposal of using the air as a working fluid (Fig. 3). The air International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies 2/3 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/2/3/262/758006 by guest on 21 June 2022PDF Image | Technological innovations in heat pump systems
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