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Technological innovations in heat pump systems 265 Figure 4. Schematic of the open cycle mechanical vapour recompression heat pump realised by Peter Ritter von Rittinger in 1855. taken from outside is expanded: thus it is cooled well below the outside air tempera- ture and it can be heated by outside air through a simple heat exchanger. Therefore the compression that follows the expansion heats the air to a temperature high enough to heat a room. Some years after that famous writing, Lord Kelvin added the following note to his work: The method of heating air described in the article remains unrealised today. When Niagara is set to work for the benefit of North America through electric conductors, it will no doubt be largely employed for the warming of houses over a considerable part of Canada and the United States. But it is possible that it will also have applications though less large in other cold countries to multiply the heat of coal and other fuel, and to utilise wind and water power for warming houses. [1] Meanwhile practical knowledge was also developed. In 1851 John Gorrie, a doctor and amateur technician, patented the first compression cooling machine, realised on the purpose of relieving his patients’ suffering in Florida’s hot climate. The very first heat pump was built in 1855 by the Austrian Peter Ritter von Rittinger who installed an open-cycle mechanical vapour recompression (MVR) unit, directly driven by hydro energy, in the saltern of Ebensee, Upper Austria (Fig. 4) [2]. The vapour developed in the aqueous solution concentrators at a temperature of 117oC and a pressure of 170 kPa was compressed till 300 kPa. The condensation tempera- ture at that pressure is 138oC. Therefore vapour condensation allowed to develop a International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies 2/3 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/2/3/262/758006 by guest on 21 June 2022PDF Image | Technological innovations in heat pump systems
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