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Technological innovations in heat pump systems 269 Figure 9. 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 Temperature lift [K] COP (scale on the right) or requested exergy per thermal unit (on the left) for ideal or real cycles as a function of temperature lift. 0.6 Ex/Q 0.5 real machines COP 2 3 4 5 10 20 50 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 refrigeration HP heating expected, but coming out of a great data sample. Many plants were largely oversized with practically no auxiliary heating operation. 4. Electric heat pumps When considering the possible use of a heat pump, one should always be aware of the strong sensibility of performance to the low and high temperatures of the cycle, or as otherwise stated, the temperature lift above the cold source temperature. Performance means both COP and capacity. As far as COP is concerned the maximum performance is given by the reverse Carnot cycle: COP = T c Tc −Te Possible COP variations are represented in Fig. 9 as a function of the temperature lift. The lowest values are usually due to small capacity machines whereas the highest are for large size machines. A similar trend strongly influenced by the tem- perature lift can be found for the capacity. 1) This suggests at least two important considerations: Before every effort to look for higher level heat sources, one should select care- fully the heating system in order to lower the heat supply temperature. It is meaningless to operate with systems which need the highest temperature level attainable by the machine (usually around 60oC), when systems are at hand International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies 2/3 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/2/3/262/758006 by guest on 21 June 2022PDF Image | Technological innovations in heat pump systems
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