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270 R. M. Lazzarin Figure 10. Capacity line of an air-water heat pump compared with a building load as a function of outside temperature for a conventional radiator heating system. which can distribute the heat at temperatures lower than 35oC, such as heating panels or all air systems. 2) The outside air, the most common heat pump source, is thermodynamically the least favourable source since the thermal load is increasing when its level is decreasing so that both heat pump COP and capacity decrease. Let us consider in Fig. 10 the heating load as a function of the outside air tem- perature compared with an air water heat pump (AWHP) output [4]. Capacities find their balance point in E. On the left, heat pump output is no longer sufficient to compensate the heat load and an auxiliary boiler must provide the left part. The downside in the figure is that the trend of the water temperature is represented for supply and return to a radiator system with a control on the supply temperature when the outside air temperature varies. The choice of the balance point is fundamental for the plant economy. Too much ‘on the right’ means lower initial costs as the machine capacity is lower but also the annual contribution to the heating require- ments is lower. Too much ‘on the left’ means a higher initial cost as the capacity is higher but the device might operate at reduced load for a long period. The outside air temperature distribution must be known for a correct sizing. Once the balance point is fixed, the operation can be either in parallel with the auxiliary heater for lower temperature or in series with the boiler after the heat pump. Heat pump operations suffer some constraints. One is the reaching of the maximum Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/2/3/262/758006 by guest on 21 June 2022 International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies 2/3PDF Image | Technological innovations in heat pump systems
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