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278 R. M. Lazzarin Figure 20. Innovative system to delay the defrosting by a moderate heating of the liquid accumulator. twice as long, that is after around 3 hours. Moreover in the traditional system defrost- ing is 10 minutes long while the heat pump supplies about 10 kW (with an electric power of about 3.5 kW), whereas the proposed system defrosting is 12 minutes long but with a required electric power of only 1 kW. A schematic of the circuit is represented in Fig. 20 where an electric heater is provided just before the evaporator and, as presented in the paper, in the liquid accumulator. Seasonal performance data that reports the heater operations to keep the evaporator over −2.8 oC are not available so that seasonal performance advan- tages cannot yet be claimed, but the system appears really promising. Beyond the different technological innovations described above, a picture is reported that illustrates the continuous SPF improvement both of heat pumps and air conditioners (Fig. 21). This improvement is due of course not only to the innova- tions of the equipment but also to the more favourable plant conditions. 5. Gas driven heat pumps For a country like Italy where the electric installed capacity is scarce it is worthwhile considering the developments in the field of gas driven heat pumps, taking into account that natural gas is plentiful in summer. Gas driven heat pump can be clas- sified as i.c. motor driven heat pumps with heat recovery and absorption heat pumps. Both allow high Primary Energy Ratios (PER), often much higher than for electric driven heat pumps (at least if electricity is generated with traditional thermoelectric plants with efficiency slightly higher than 40%). As far as motor driven heat pumps are concerned, small capacity machines are available, with about 30 kW capacity. Motors are less than one litre displacement Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/2/3/262/758006 by guest on 21 June 2022 International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies 2/3PDF Image | Technological innovations in heat pump systems
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